Study shows economic, educational benefits of universal preschool plan

By: BRENDA DURAN - Staff Writer | Sunday, December 18, 2005 9:04 PM PST

If all 4-year-olds in San Diego County went to preschool it would mean 700 fewer high school dropouts each year, 2,200 fewer juvenile criminal charges and 4,569 fewer children in special education, according to a report released last week by the RAND Corp.

The report follows a recent decision by the county's First 5 Commission to start universal preschool programs for 3- and 4-year-olds in six county school districts by 2010 and maintain them for five years. In North County, the only school district that will be served is the Escondido elementary district.

The First 5 Commission, which oversees money generated by a 50 cents per pack tobacco tax approved by state voters in 1998, has set aside $30 million for the five-year program.

The Preschool For All Act, which would create a statewide universal preschool program, will be considered by voters in June.

If passed, the adjusted income of the top 0.6 wealthiest Californians will be taxed 1.7 percent to ensure funding for the statewide program, according to the ballot initiative. The tax would ensure $2.3 billion per year to pay for the program.

"It's an investment issue. It's either we pay now or pay later," said Lois Pastore, senior director of early education programs and services for the County Office of Education. "What the research is telling us is that if we invest now many of the issues we are concerned about could be decreased."

But not all support the universal concept, and say the study is flawed.

Opponents like Lisa Snell, director of education policy at Reason Foundation, a non-profit think tank organization, said the study is not only nebulous about its future social and economic promises but is also giving preschool advocates vague and inconsistent data which underestimates the actual cost of implementing the program.

"It's a bad idea and a ridiculous new bureaucracy," said Snell, who has researched universal preschool and its cost-benefit effects in the United States and Canada. "The problems are that advocates are not being realistic about the cost and have not factored in actual evidence."

The study findings were presented at a news conference last week in Linda Vista, which included Linda Vista police Chief William Landsdown, County Superintendent of Schools Rudy Castruita and other childcare administrators. The RAND Corp. is a national nonprofit research organization which was hired by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation of Los Altos to study the impacts of universal preschool.

"There is a connection," Landsdown said last week in a phone interview. "I am a big advocate in investing in kids early to help reduce crime. It will be extremely expensive later on not to."

San Diego is the second most heavily populated county in the state and according to the study is home to 8 percent of the children who would attend preschool if there were a universal program. The county is projected to have an average of 44,000 4-year-olds each year over the next decade, according to the study.

Locally served

Currently, San Diego County provides state-funded free preschool for low income families through the Educational Enrichment Systems program at seven sites in Oceanside, San Marcos, Vista and Linda Vista.

The program can only serve 400 4-year-olds and there is a waiting list of 2,500 countywide this year, said Debbie MacDonald, executive director of San Diego County YMCA Childcare Resource Service.

"Preschool is an invaluable investment because it will affect everyone, " said Celine Krimston, program director at Educational Enrichment Systems in Linda Vista. "We need all the children to be able to have that opportunity to be well adjusted emotionally and academically later on."

The study projects that the number of children in San Diego County retained in a grade would be reduced annually by 1,005 and that the number of substantiated reports of child abuse or neglect would be reduced by 346 annually.

Overall the state would also be able to generate $2.7 billion each class year that all 4-year-olds are given the opportunity to attend preschool, according to the study.

"This evidence seems like a merciful way to treat our children," said Maryann O'Sullivan, CEO of Preschool for All in California. "When I see these studies I think 'what a shame' we are not reaping these benefits now. There would have been less problems had we taken the steps a long time ago."

The RAND study bases its findings on a 2001 study by Arthur Reynolds at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Reynolds made a cost-benefit analysis involving low-income children in Chicago's universal preschool program. The study compared 1,000 low-income minority children who attended preschool to 550 who did not over a period of 15 years, and found dramatic financial and educational differences.

Facts back opposition

Snell cites her research in a Quebec universal preschool program as an example for her opposition. In 1997, Quebec preschool advocates claimed the benefits of an investment in a universal Preschool for All program would outweigh the costs.

The program was estimated to cost $230 million over five years, but after eight years is costing tax payers $1.7 billion annually, said Snell.

"The unintended consequences are huge," said Snell. "There will be a huge money sink in California before every single child gets involved in any preschool program."

Snell said she believes counties like San Diego will end up spending more money than is projected on things such as facilities and staffing and will have to rely on co-payments from parents to cover the difference.

Snell also discounts the social benefits of universal preschool claimed by the study, such as reducing crime and improving educational success.

"What they've done is extrapolate a group of low-income children to a general population," said Snell. "They also isolated variables and credited universal preschool."

Pastore, however, said she believes in the benefits detailed in the RAND study and is confident the county will be able to figure out the details along the way.

"We are trying to look at ways to change the system," said Pastore. "That means we are going to find different ways to help our children. I am convinced it will do a lot more good than bad for us as tax payers."

Contact Staff Writer Brenda Duran at (760) 761-4408 or bduran@nctimes.com.

9 comment(s)[-]Go to Top

Mary wrote on Dec 19, 2005 8:26 AM:Our children spend exactly half as many hours in the class room as children in Korea and Japan. Universal pre-school is a start, but the reforms need to go much further.

Jeff wrote on Dec 19, 2005 11:23 AM:Love to hear how many of those in San Diego quoted by the study who would benefit from preschool are children of illegal immigrants. Enforce the borders and you will have less kids missing preschool in the US becuase there will be less kids in the US.

Mike wrote on Dec 19, 2005 12:24 PM:How many of those parents that can't afford preschool are driving new cars & talking on cell phones? The parents that really care about their childrens education will make sure they get educated one way or another. Don't tax me because somebody else doesn't want to read to their kid and make sure they stay in school. The fact is that for some of the cultures in our country education is not a priority.

Melodie wrote on Dec 19, 2005 2:14 PM:I am concerned about the claim that many of the students who are currently in special education classes will no longer need to be placed there after being in a pre-school. What this implies is that we are inappropriately placing students in special education classes, overburdening an already exhausted system, and using special ed. classes as a "dumping ground" for difficult students. I wish that an explaination about how the preschool will change all of this had been offered. What secrets do they know?

Linda wrote on Dec 19, 2005 8:02 PM:I agree with Jeff re: the number of illegal alien children or the "anchor baby" birthright children of illegal alien mothers -- if we keep the floodwaters flowing, nothing that we attempt will mitigate. I agree with Mary re: the number of hours in school ..... not only are the raw numbers fewer than many of the nations with whom we compete in the global economy, but the fewer hours are divided between meeting the needs of children who don't speak English, as well as dealing with discipline in each classroom.

Leslie wrote on Jan 20, 2006 11:09 PM:are we talking 4, 3, 2,and 1 year olds.. well why not yank the baby right from the womb...put them in a classroom so they can start failing even sooner...is anyone thinking that maybe children are ready to learn when they are more mature...like ready to listen, pay attention..how will the teachers know when they have A.D.D. or are just being little kids.. and what about the cost...how about putting those millions into the existing classrooms and start offering smaller class sizes with maybe some more interesting courses.. and getting some decent tax advantages for mom or dad so they can be their first teachers...

Ashley wrote on Feb 9, 2006 7:02 PM:Leslie-Starting school earlier has nothing to do with "failing sooner". Pre-school is not generally graded. Mike-Do not stereotype families. I know many people, myself included, that cannot afford to put their children in pre-school. My car is almost 15 years old, and both my husband and I work and go to college to try to improve our situation. I am doing a research paper on this subject, and I am finding a lot of studies that support universal pre-school. Have you done your homework?

Catherine wrote on May 8, 2006 9:47 AM:When most people think of "preschool" they think of young children learning things like spelling, simple math, and reading. Actually the primary focus of preschool is teaching children positive social skills such as conflict resolution (i.e. sharing, taking turns), how to control impulse control, how to listen, how to follow direction. In fact if you ask any primary school teachers what the benefit of preschool, a GOOD preschool education is they will tell you exactly what I stated above. Primary teachers only have so much time and lots of children to teach and unlike the old days they do not have the time to help a five or six year old learn the social skills that will help him/her learn. Hence the phrase "ready to learn". It is a shock to a child who has been kept home to suddenly get dropped off in an environment where he/she is surrounded by 20-25 strangers. Preschool allows children to slowly, lovingly, and compassionatly transition into school life. I am in my late forties and I understand that inasmuch as I am pretty much the last of the baby boomers population numbers dwindle after 1960. There were not enough births in the U.S. What I mean is that you need a certain number in the work force paying taxes and maintaining the infrastructure so that folks like me, and some of you who are close to or are retired can continue to receive benefits. Less people translates into less money for the government. Listen, I'm the first to say I hate how many illegals we have in this area. They bug me. They don't speak English, they live here as if they are entitled to what we or those generations past have fought for, but they ARE here. Yes, they have children, lots of children and those children attend our schools. Unlike children from other nations who may come here for an education and take their new skills back home, generally speaking Mexican illegals are not intersted in ever returning to Mexico. Instead they live here, their children live here, are educated here, and grow up to work here and ... yep do their part to get my retirment funds ready. So they are a necessary evil and I am willing to pay a little more in taxes to make sure they are educated as soon as possible in order to assure their success as productive workers. Ever wonder why there are so few fresh faced all american kids working in fast food joints? There aren't that many around anymore. That's my two cents.

Erin wrote on Mar 24, 2007 8:49 AM:Of course public opinion is a strong influence on our nation's policies, but if you are going to weigh in on issues, at least research them before opening your mouth. As a teacher with a masters degree in early childhood education including triple licensure in regular ed., special ed., and ESOL, I would like to add my knowledge to the discussion, albeit a late entrance. High quality preschool, as defined by this nation, should be characterized by a warm, inviting atmosphere, play-based exploration, socialization opportunities, and it should be as close to the child's natural environment as possible. The univeral preschool initiatives are based on these field-pervasive ideals - not some warped concept of three year olds sitting in desks completing skill-and-drill tasks of rote memorization. It has been proven through pilot programs such as Head Start that high quality programs are of mass benefit to not only individual children and families, but to society at-large. In regard to the comment about special education, YES, the special education system HAS become a "dumping ground" for "difficult students." There are thousands upon thousands of poor and lower-middle class children in the special education system because they were simply not afforded preschool opportunties and fail and comparison to their peers who had such priviledge. Unfortunately, too amny teachers cannot tease apart the differences of opportunity deprevation and true special needs. Universal preschool would reduce the incidence of these children being inappropriately placed in special education because it provides all children with appropriate prepatory opportunities, regardless of income.

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