Defamation lawsuit filed against Minuteman founder, other activist
By: SCOTT MARSHALL - Staff Writer | ∞
SAN DIEGO ---- An anti-illegal immigration activist from Fallbrook and an Oceanside man who founded the San Diego Minutemen group have been accused in a new lawsuit of defaming a woman who worked with organizations that monitored rallies last year at day-labor sites.
Joanne Yoon, 24, identified in the lawsuit as a college student in Los Angeles and a former San Diego resident, is asking for more than $1 million in damages from Jeff Schwilk of Oceanside, the founder of San Diego Minutemen, and activist Ray Carney of Fallbrook.
The San Diego Minutemen are a group of activists against illegal immigration. The group frequently organizes rallies to protest the hiring of day laborers in North County. Carney said he is not a member of the group.
Filed last week in the Superior Court in San Diego, the lawsuit alleges that Schwilk, Carney and others "targeted" Yoon because of her work with the California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation and as an independent contractor for the American Civil Liberties Union, which has observed Minuteman rallies.
Yoon's attorney, Daniel Gilleon, said Yoon was "scared and offended" by comments Schwilk and Carney are alleged to have made about her on the Internet and in e-mails, but that was not why she moved to Los Angeles.
Schwilk could not be reached for comment Monday, but Carney said in a telephone interview that the lawsuit is a "joke" and "nonsense" and is an attempt to shift the immigration debate to a court of law because those who oppose anti-illegal immigration efforts are losing in the court of public opinion.
Gilleon said that if a lawsuit were filed for every negative comment made about Yoon in connection with rallies she has monitored, hundreds of lawsuits would be filed, but the comments at issue in the case against Schwilk and Carney were "especially egregious."
Yoon alleges in the lawsuit that Schwilk and Carney exchanged e-mails Sept. 6, 2006, as they tried to determine Yoon's name and address after noticing her monitoring them at rallies held at day-labor sites.
The next day, Schwilk is alleged to have sent a mass e-mail to the San Diego Minutemen in which Yoon was described as an "anorexic ACLU slut," which the lawsuit calls a "per se defamatory statement."
Asked about the e-mail in December, Schwilk told the North County Times that the note was intended for a close circle of people and not for the public. Schwilk also said then that the words were his and that he stood by them.
"She works for the ACLU," Schwilk said then. "She is Korean. She looks anorexic, and she dresses and looks like a slut."
An e-mail from Schwilk that included a copy of the North County Times article was attached to the lawsuit as an exhibit.
The lawsuit also alleges that Carney posted a photo of Yoon and three Latino men on the Web, "referring to her as a 'skank' who 'beds down' on a 'daily basis' with 'those little brown Border Hoppers.' "
Gilleon said the Web site "essentially accused (Yoon) of being a prostitute."
Carney said the Web site did exist, but it was a Yahoo Web site that required permission and a screen name to be seen.
Carney said Minutemen have been called criminals and pedophiles by an activist who opposes them and that Carney has been called many names, including "cracker" and "white trash," by opposition activists, but no lawsuits have resulted.
"They try to demoralize our side," Carney said. "We try to demoralize their side. That's what being an activist is all about. You're going to get called names and be spat on."
The lawsuit alleges that Schwilk and Carney "published unprivileged false statements" about Yoon that ascribed to her a lack of "chastity" and "tended to expose her to hatred, contempt, ridicule, obloquy and cause her to be shunned or avoided."
Gilleon said the comments have not prompted Yoon to stop participating in monitoring the rallies of the Minutemen and other anti-illegal immigration activists.
"She's continuing on," Gilleon said. "She's not going to let someone like Ray Carney stop her, but we're going to hold him to account for what he's done."
Contact staff writer Scott Marshall at (760) 631-6623 or smarshall@nctimes.com. Comment at nctimes.com.
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Escondeeter wrote on Mar 26, 2007 11:00 PM:I guess it's understandable. I know if someone called me an ACLU member I'd feel I'd been libeled.
Independent Contractor? wrote on Mar 26, 2007 11:00 PM:The IRS has a good site about the differences between an employee and an independent contractor. http://www.irs.gov/businesses/small/article/0,,id=99921,00.html
Sue Happy wrote on Mar 26, 2007 11:06 PM:Everyone called a racist can sue too! It is a good time to be a lawyer in San Diego County.
of a feather wrote on Mar 26, 2007 11:13 PM:Throw these hoodlums and punks into jail. They have no ideology--just bullies taking advantage of the situation to harass, intimidate and hurt others. I don't care how you feel about immigration, these guys are the criminal element--justifying their need to hurt others by current events and prejudice.
Skip wrote on Mar 26, 2007 11:19 PM:OLD NEWS this was printed in the other San Diego newspaper last week. And Illegals are still ILLEGAL.
defamation?!? wrote on Mar 26, 2007 11:45 PM:It's all over their website? Are they here to help close the borders or to abuse and defame women? Look at their site, as the SDMM turns.
THE ONE wrote on Mar 26, 2007 11:59 PM:Well, Here is a fine example of the Minutemen showing their true colors.The Minutemen do not reperesent Americans nor does they represent the human race.
Patriot Mom wrote on Mar 27, 2007 12:02 AM:You have got to be kidding!! If this isn't a "frivilous" lawsuit, I don't know what is!!! The DA by all means, should throw out this absurd case, and start going after the CRIMINAL ILLEGAL FOREIGNERS on our soil!! They have broken a Federal law. That makes them FELONS!!! Right? I think we all would agree that a felony is much more serious than this "he said, she said" petty crap!!! Get serious San Diego Prosecutors, and do your job. Go after these criminal illegal alien felons!!! Emails are protected under the First Amendment Rights, as freedom of speech!!! Ms. Yoon works for the ACLU? She better get tougher skin than that!!!
Nick wrote on Mar 27, 2007 4:21 AM:A tempest in a teapot.
Jonathan wrote on Mar 27, 2007 5:34 AM:Good Job Joanne, but do either of these guys have a million dollars? You may never see the money but I think you know that but its time to say to Jeff Schwilk and his ilk that defamation is not acceptable no matter who you are saying to or about. Wow what is this the third strike for Jeff Schwilk? Well using an old baseball term Stike three You are out here!!!
How disgusting!!!!! wrote on Mar 27, 2007 6:01 AM:No matter what, no matter how much you hate someone those names should not be uttered about anyone. I think Jeff Schwilk should stop allowing his people to run around like crazy nuts saying this type of thing. He is leading them and he is worse then they are. As far as the comment made by Carney "who oppose anti-illegal immigration efforts are losing in the court of public opinion." Ray you better wake up and smell the coffee with all the negative press and lawsuit after lawsuit being filed your image is tarnished. I mean really even a person from your own group filed a law suit so no I do not think you are winning in the court of public opinion. I am in the court of public opinion and I find you and your group out of order. Your comment has cemented my opinion that you and your group are the problem here. "They try to demoralize our side," Carney said. "We try to demoralize their side. That's what being an activist is all about. You're going to get called names and be spat on." No that is not what being an activist is all about. I must say that if I was being called names like slut, skank, and comments such as who 'beds down' on a 'daily basis' with 'those little brown Border Hoppers.' " I who am white would call you alot more than a "cracker" or "white trash". I am disgusted by this and all the other reports of late. I am all for Free Speech and I always wondered where we draw the line and I guess this young woman has draw that line.
Business As Usual wrote on Mar 27, 2007 6:20 AM:Ah.... there's so much to be proud of in these Minutement leaders, isn't there? Such fine, upstanding, civilized, dignified gentlemen.
David wrote on Mar 27, 2007 6:35 AM:Maybe this is a good thing in that it will start a flurry of lawsuits between opposing the groups. From what I have seen on both sides websites they are all guilty of the same name calling and intimidation tactics. Maybe when these groups from both sides are finally quieted down then the people of the United States can get some real border/port security and guest worker reform.
Well, well, well? wrote on Mar 27, 2007 6:40 AM:Just another filed case of the pot calling the kettle black. Maybe the ACLU should join efforts with the grocery store unions if it wants to continue demoralizing our citizens priveleges?
Fight Back! wrote on Mar 27, 2007 6:59 AM:The Southern Poverty Law Center was able to shut down much of the KKK by winning judgments that confiscated their property and put them into bankruptcy. Perhaps this will do the same for these foul mouthed, nasty minded, racist, so called minute men.
Robert24 wrote on Mar 27, 2007 7:16 AM:Business As Usual wrote on March 27, 2007 6:20 AM:"Ah.... there's so much to be proud of in these Minutement leaders, isn't there? Such fine, upstanding, civilized, dignified gentlemen." In response "Ah.....so much to be proud of these border jumping law breakers, isn't there? Such fine, upstanding, civilized dignified gentlemen peeing on the side of the road, driving unlicensed and uninsured, using our hospitals for free, making anchor babies and getting government support for each one etc.". Yup, let's leave the Minutemen alone and continue to allow losers like the ACLU and their supporters to try and run the country. Not! Where do I contribute to support Jeff Schwilk and the Minutemen?
Hold on wrote on Mar 27, 2007 7:17 AM:To patriot, it is not a felony to simply bein the country without legal residence. It's a civil violation. And freedom of speech does not allow slander, libel, or defamation. It's illegal to verbally attack someone with vicious lies about their character.
seen the emails wrote on Mar 27, 2007 7:19 AM:I have seen a copy of this lawsuit and the emails mentioned. "Skank", "slut", "little Brown Border hoppers"? Schwilk and Carney must be plants of the immigrant rights people to make the MM look stupid. Or else they are just still stuck in the 9th grade.
activist wrote on Mar 27, 2007 7:20 AM:Carney's comment about activism being about demoralizing and spitting on the other side made me realize that these people are not activists. Activism is about supporting a cause, not using that cause as an excuse to behave like animals.
activism wrote on Mar 27, 2007 7:23 AM:The truly sick part of Schwilk and Carney's little joke is Carney's assertion that "that's what being an activist is all about". Crude sexual name-calling is what defines activism? I don't think so.
Concerned wrote on Mar 27, 2007 7:39 AM:Both sides of the immigration issue are embarrassing. I have seen them in action at protests. They should be ashamed of themselves.
I would still rather support wrote on Mar 27, 2007 7:53 AM:the Minute Men. They are TRYING to remind people about the BLATANT criminal activities of the ILLEGAL ALIENS and their ACLU supporters.
Sue Yoon for reverse racism wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:17 AM:Mabye all the comments about Yoon were true, mabye not. Yoon calls minutemen racists and thats far worse than being called a slut,border hopper, so on. If she can sue for something as simple as that then the minutemen should sue her, the aclu and anyone who is calling the real Americans racists. If you dont like what the Americans are saying than get out of this country, they don't want you here so just do them the courtasey and disappear, the country will be a better place. I can't wait to see what happens on this one, I hope Yoon has more then just food stamps and welfare checks when she loses and has to pay the lawyers on both sides in full. Have fun for the next 2 years in court Yoon because your such a great role model for the American people, not.
ashley wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:20 AM:i love you
So long Schwilk wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:22 AM:That's great. You stand by your defamatory statements and just in case anyone missed it you repeat them for the press. Get your wallet out pal. Your done. By the way if you are feeling like you got set up; you did. The method used by civil rights attorney's is to wait for you blowhards to get confident enough that you blow your mouth off one too many times. Does the name Tom Metzger ring a bell? He is still paying off his civil damages.
Sam?Ed?Marie? wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:24 AM:So where is the gang of three now? Are they going to posing for anymore pictures? Joint press conferences? Let's see how they come to the aid of a friend in need.
Luke wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:25 AM:All the Minutemen need to be send to Guantonomo Bay until they figure out what to do with their lifes.
This feels so good... wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:26 AM:Not only are all reasonable people going to be vindicate in court and the minute silenced, they're already going under ground. Look at these comments! They are running 8 to 1 against the usual propaganda. People of reason win again.
Rock Springs Activist wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:27 AM:If Schwilk and Carney have true aspirations about correcting the illegal alien situation why are they filming and focusing on a thin Asian woman whom they think is their enemy? Looks to me like they have as much of a problem with women as they do with illegal aliens. Also, if these two are the leaders of the group they should get their facts straight. I personally know illegals who have paid our local hospital for the birth(s) of their children. In full. They also have driver's licenses and auto insurance. Surprise, surprise.
Illegal Alien Status Crimes wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:28 AM:Hold is mostly wrong. All aliens in the United States who are required to be registered under the law (INA § 261 and 262 [8 USC § 1301 and 1302]) must keep the USCIS informed of their changes of address. https://egov.immigration.gov/crisgwi/go?action=coa.Terms The only aliens exempt from this requirement are diplomats (visa status A), official government representatives to an international organization (visa status G), and certain nonimmigrants who do not possess a visa and who are in the U.S. for fewer than 30 days (INA § 263). A willful failure to give written notice to the USCIS of a change of address within 10 days of the change is a misdemeanor crime (INA § 265 and 266). Further, all illegal alien males (ages 18 through 25) must register for the draft. http://www.sss.gov/MUST.HTM And they must register a change of address within 10 days of moving. Registration is the law. A man who fails to register may, if prosecuted and convicted, faces a fine of up to $250,000 and/or a prison term of up to five years. That is a felony! http://www.sss.gov/FSbenefits.htm Just because the Government fails to enforce these criminal laws does not means this unreported crime wave by illegal aliens is not occuring.
Go Home Illegals wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:34 AM:These illegal lovers took these guys to court before and got their lunch handed to them. You ... have a real legal problem when the people who you hope to intimate have the money to fight you.
Alf wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:38 AM:From the grotesque caricature of patriotism to the devolution into the slime from whence they came and at all points in between, these pathetic excuses for humans who call themselves minutemen are an embarrassment to civilization. It will be a fine day when these putrid and festering boils are drained from the behind of media attention.
jimmo wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:39 AM:so when are these people gonna come out of their little closet? They know their motivations are driven by nothing but hate, they see all immigrants as nothing but anchor-baby bearing parasites who do nothing but burden the nation, yet they get offended whenever some one calles them racists. And it's still ok for them to call maldef and aclu racist.
Nicollette wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:51 AM:"They try to demoralize our side," Carney said. "We try to demoralize their side. That's what being an activist is all about. You're going to get called names and be spat on." You have got to be kidding me! Is this guy for real? Being an Activist is not that at all. No matter what we must never stop being civil to one another. I disagree with this guy but he sounds like a nut anyway. Sorry but I just don't buy it I think he is just a low life who takes his Freedom of Speech right and abuses it and others. "The lawsuit also alleges that Carney posted a photo of Yoon and three Latino men on the Web, "referring to her as a 'skank' who 'beds down' on a 'daily basis' with 'those little brown Border Hoppers.' " I think he and others have gone to far. How on earth can he compare these horrible to comments to being called a "cracker" or "white trash". This is all very sickening. There is no defense for this.
I didn't know wrote on Mar 27, 2007 9:55 AM:it was a crime to put lettuce and tomatoes on your table. I don't like fresh fruit and vegetables, not. Stop! Enough with this madness and be united. We are all human with 2 arms, 2 legs, 2 eyes, etc. etc. etc. There is a war going on, on the other side of the world where OUR brave men and women are dying. And yes, some of them aren't US citizens, yet. Our time can be better spent than listening to a bunch of ignorant hoodlums. Get active in bringing our soldiers home safe and sound!
Do a little reading wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:01 AM:..about the defenses to libel. Expect the depositions to be really ugly.
Where is America wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:02 AM:While we all have to responsiblity to use our words wisely, I thought we still had freedom of speech.I do not agree with alot of things people say, I still believe they have the right to say them. This just seems to be another step in the death of America.What ever happened to rubber and glue? What he should of called her is an treasonist anti- American joke.
Mike wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:08 AM:This whole "debate" reminds me of the old Saturday Night Live skit, "Point-Counterpoint", where in lieu of any real discussion, Dan Aykroyd and Jane Curtin swap ad hominen attacks on each other.
Singer wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:37 AM:One word to you Minutemen: Countersue!! Countersue!! Countersue!! (OK, that was three words.)
to "The ONE" wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:39 AM:Please go and educate yourself before you make this type of remark. Go down to campo where they watch the (all but non-existent) border. See for yourself before you broadcast your ignorance.
Alfonso wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:40 AM:to jimmo......"They know their motivations are driven by nothing but hate, they see all immigrants (s/b illegal immigrants)as nothing but anchor-baby bearing parasites who do nothing but burden the nation". Ok, what is Racist about this expression? Racism requires opinions based on Race, not on actions. The "Race calling" should only be used when it applys. It just so happens that the greatest number of offenders to illegal immigration are from one race. It doesn't make those who despise illegal immigration racists. It just so happens that there is one race that is the largest offender, that is not racist, just fact. Unfortunately, there are racists on BOTH sides of the Illegal Immigrant issues but intelligent readers can usually sort them out. You should too.
American woman wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:45 AM:...and the beat goes on. What's next, NCT? A revelation than Ms. Yoon is the great-grandaughter of Mother Theresa? Or that it has been discovered via DNA tests that all anti-illegal immigration/open borders activists are related to Adolf Hitler? The garbage your paper insists on printing belongs in the Enquirer! Instead of feeding the rift between the pro- and anti-illegal immigrant groups, why not help to educate Americans as to the truth of the future of our country? Is it too much to ask that a publication such as NCT put together a series on say, the very real concept of a North American Union? Or how about a study of the antiquated issue of "birthright citizenship?" How about an investigatory series on the role of the Mexican government in the flow of drugs into America? You could legitimately include the U.S. government's cooperation in same! Now that's news! Thant's what needs to be exposed! Give THE PEOPLE something to chew on...something that actually might INFORM them, or at least encourage intelligent debate. Ms. Yoon is a grain of sand in a vast desert wasteland. This kind of journalism serves no purpose but to further deepen the divide within our society. the people.
John wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:48 AM:Love the comment from Patriot Mom 12:02 am. She's pretty self righteous for someone who hasn't got a clue about the American legal system. Hey, if you are going to call yourself a patriot, take a Civics 101 lesson before you start spouting off. The DA doesn't decide which lawsuits go to court. A judge does that.
Business License Crime wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:49 AM:San Diego requires independent contractors operating in the City of San Diego to have a busines license. The cost is at least $76. All businesses found to be operating without a license must pay a surcharge of $68. http://www.sandiego.gov/treasurer/businesstax/how.shtml Failure to have a business license is a misdemeanor. SDMC §31.0121
No leg to stand on wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:52 AM:Singer - Jeff n Ray can't counter sue and expect to win because they are toast. They don't understand that intimidation is not the same as free speech.
Cal wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:58 AM:If I were Yoon's attorney I would be loving this article. Here in B&W print - maybe about 50,000 copies in circulation today? - is Ray Carney basically admitting he was intimidating Yoon. Ray, get a lawyer to screen your communications before you lose your shirt.
John K wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:58 AM:Sue Yoon, you should read up on internalized racism. You are a disgrace to the Korean-American community. Have some dignity. The defamatory statements by Schwilk and Carney use racism and sexism to intimidate and silence their opposition. They are not only targeting migrant workers, but they are attacking members of other minority communties. Anyone with basic level psychology can understand the tactics of the minutemen. If Schwilk and Carney had a coherent and logical argument, they would not resort to threats of physical violence and verbal abuse typical of children who have yet to develop higher level thinking skills. Offering $50 to anyone who can find Joanne Yoon's address? Sounds like a ... tactic of instilling fear. The Korean-American community supports Ms. Yoon's efforts to fight against racism and sexism and to fight for human rights.
Diane wrote on Mar 27, 2007 11:07 AM:Ok Americans...enough is enough...time to stop playing around and get down to the real business at hand. Illegal aliens (no matter what race they are) committed a Felony, and institutions/people who support, hire, and harbour them are committing TREASON against the United States, and The United States Constitution. Unfortunately, politicians are forgetting who exactly are the ones who are paying their wages (including Jorge Boooosh), so it's time for American tax payers to either fire them or cut their wages down. Enough is enough!!! Deport them, if they want to live here then by God they can follow the proper procedures just like any other Legal Immigrant has had to do.
PI License wrote on Mar 27, 2007 11:13 AM:It is a misdemeanor engage in the business of private investigator without a license from the State of Californa (B&P Code 7523). A private investigator is a person who for any consideration whatsoever engages in business or accepts employment to furnish or make any investigation for the purpose of obtaining information with reference to:(a) Crime or wrongs done or threatened against the United States of America or any state or territory of the United States of America. (b) The identity, habits, conduct, business, occupation, honesty, integrity, credibility, knowledge, trustworthiness, efficiency, loyalty, activity, movement, whereabouts, affiliations, associations, transactions, acts, reputation, or character of any person. (c) The location, disposition, or recovery of lost or stolen property. (d) The cause or responsibility for fires, libels, losses, accidents, or damage or injury to persons or to property. (e) Securing evidence to be used before any court, board, officer, or investigating committee.
14th Amendment wrote on Mar 27, 2007 11:18 AM:"...antiquated issue of "birthright citizenship.."?? Last I looked I am still the Supreme Law of the Land. "Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
Medical student wrote on Mar 27, 2007 11:25 AM:I am hopeful that this impending lawsuit will bring to light the tactics employed by the minutemen on a daily basis. Instead of arguing over the details, let us be clear: this organization and its members behave in embarassing, undignified and dangerous ways. The irony is that they lay claim to protecting and supporting America and its values. I have news for Mr. Schwilk, Mr. Carney, and the rest of the minutemen crew who spend their days harassing, threatening and insulting other human beings: You don't represent me, you don't represent my country, and your days of attacking the most defensless members of OUR society are coming to an end. Why don't you guys go get a job or do something truly beneficial for your community?
Alf wrote on Mar 27, 2007 11:26 AM:"Hordes of illegal alien rapists", "invasion of illegal aliens", "TREASON". These words serve one purpose, to inflame. I do not know of anyone who is not aware of a large illegal alien problem. Tell me, when was the last time anyone was able to reason with a raging person? If your purpose is to drive others away from your cause by painting yourself as a frothing lunatic, using the quoted words above is a perfect way to do it.
treason? wrote on Mar 27, 2007 11:28 AM:Hiring one of the 17 million or so illegal immigrants in this nation is treason? The Feds will have to arrest half of North County then. Is the penalty for treason still the old firing squad? Aren't some of you people getting a little bit carried away here?
Question to John K wrote on Mar 27, 2007 11:34 AM:I'm a little confused about your commnent that Ms. Yoon is a disgrace to the Korean-American community. Everything else you wrote seems pretty intelligent. I don't understand why she's a disgrace.
Diane wrote on Mar 27, 2007 11:47 AM:I highly suggest the persons above look specifically into the laws regarding ILLEGAL entry into the UNITED STATES. It is a FELONY, and any person/persons, institutions etc. that harbour these ILLEGALS are committing TREASON against the United States and its Constitution. THAT IS FACT, and not a made "racist" attitude. Do you really think their countries would be so accomidating? Hell, NO.
Medical student wrote on Mar 27, 2007 11:49 AM:And a thank you note to Mr. Schwilk, Mr. Carney and the rest of the minutemen who presumably pay taxes, since they would never dream of doing their country a disservice by evading taxes: Your tax dollars allow me to continue to provide medical care to citizens and non-citizens alike regardless of their ability to pay. While you spend your days fighting against human rights and threatening college students, I am busy using your tax dollars to care for migrant workers and others on a daily basis. Thank you! Now I am off to the hospital to take care of Mexicans, Guatemalans, Southeast Asians, Europeans, and Americans alike.
Lt wrote on Mar 27, 2007 12:08 PM:The minutemen are nothing more than a bunch of bullies masking their racial hate with illegal immigration. Shame on anyone that supports this hate group.
John K wrote on Mar 27, 2007 12:26 PM:Ideas about assimilation and transformation have been central to discussions about the place of Asian Americans in US racial hierarchy. In the 1980s, many political commentators began to notice that quite a few Asian Americans were doing fairly well in society and most noticeably, that they were disproportionately represented in institutions of higher learning, such as the Univeristy of California. To explain this phenomenon, social conservatives proclaimed their "model minority" theory, which argued that Asians should serve as a model to other minority groups of how to succeed in U.S. society. Asian success was attributed to hard work, high value on education, and a propensity to NOT engage in political movements that challenged racism. Asian Americans were portrayed as politically passive and economically successful. This concept is the myth of the model minority. This ignores both the extent to which Asian Americans have agitated for their rights and against discrimination, and the extent to which they have benefited from the agitation of other groups. This idea only ends up working to divide people of color and pit them against each other. We must create a new set of demands on the minutement and on society at large that incorporates issues of race as well as gender, nationality, ability, and sexuality and does not shy away from issues related to class.
Diane wrote on Mar 27, 2007 12:32 PM:One of the main problems here is that people are forgetting the main issue. These "wanna be" American citizens committed a crime, and are not paying for it. We all know there is a definite double standard regarding illegal aliens committing crimes, and we can thank our illustrius leader Jorge Boooosh for that. Note how quick they are to arrest American citizens for committing a felony, but tipi toe around the illegals (and yes, they are ILLEGALS). I thank God for Americans that are standing up for America, hopefully the Government will stand up to the plate and take care of business.
Ed wrote on Mar 27, 2007 12:44 PM:Diane, you're a prime example of an ill-informed and biased opinion. I read your comment and all I get is an opinion without any fundamental facts. Thank you. A perfect example of the type people that support the so-called Minutemen.
John K wrote on Mar 27, 2007 12:47 PM:The idea that people don't know their own interests is somtimes referred to as "false consciousness." The theory of false consciousness says that people can have a consciousness that thoroughly distorts their view of reality and makes them believe that things that are bad for them are really good for them. It says that people's understanding of the world around them is distorted by the workings of ideology and power. The concept of false consciousness is similar to "internalized oppression." According to that idea, people in subordinate groups have a tendency to accept the dominant worldview and the terrible things it says about one's own groups. If Asian Americans believe that they are members of a model minority that succeeds by not challenging society (as Sue Yoon implies in her comments above entered on March 27 at 9:17AM), then they are less likely to rebel than if they believe that Asian American success has come through the hard work of political struggle. For many people of color, the analysis framed by Sue Yoon and the minutmen alike isn't very appealing, and it actually reinforces the oppressive view that they are nothing more than passive victims. Joanne Yoon [different from Sue Yoon] has chosen to NOT be a passive victim and should be commended. If we want to be able to understand the ways that each of us is influenced by a variety of oppressive social forces, we have to develop a way of understanding systems of oppression as distinct, yet deeply interrelated. With this understanding, we are in a much better position to form meaningful coalitions between groups of people and to develop effective plans of action. In the U.S., racism in the form of immigrant bashing is often used to divert attention from the real causes of economic hardship. Take for example the murder of Vincent Chen. Take for example the murders of Maria Esperanze Hernandez and her daughter Maria del Carmen Castillo Hernandez.
John K wrote on Mar 27, 2007 12:51 PM:The idea that people don't know their own interests is somtimes referred to as "false consciousness." The theory of false consciousness says that people can have a consciousness that thoroughly distorts their view of reality and makes them believe that things that are bad for them are really good for them. It says that people's understanding of the world around them is distorted by the workings of ideology and power. The concept of false consciousness is similar to "internalized oppression." According to that idea, people in subordinate groups have a tendency to accept the dominant worldview and the terrible things it says about one's own groups. If Asian Americans believe that they are members of a model minority that succeeds by not challenging society (as Sue Yoon implies in her comments above entered on March 27 at 9:17AM), then they are less likely to rebel than if they believe that Asian American success has come through the hard work of political struggle. For many people of color, the analysis framed by Sue Yoon and the minutemen alike isn't very appealing, and it actually reinforces the oppressive view that they are nothing more than passive victims. Joanne Yoon (different from Sue Yoon) has chosen to NOT be a passive victim and should be commended. If we want to be able to understand the ways that each of us is influenced by a variety of oppressive social forces, we have to develop a way of understanding systems of oppression as distinct, yet deeply interrelated. With this understanding, we are in a much better position to form meaningful coalitions between groups of people and to develop effective plans of action. In the U.S., racism in the form of immigrant bashing is often used to divert attention from the real causes of economic hardship. Take for example the murder of Vincent Chen. Take for example the murders of Maria Esperanze Hernandez and her daughter Maria del Carmen Castillo Hernandez. As a fellow Korean-American, I am ashamed of the comments posted by Sue Yoon. Her comments lack intelligence, empathy and grace.
illegal Koreans wrote on Mar 27, 2007 1:00 PM:One of the local immigration watchdog web sites already has bloggers telling Ms. Yoon to go back to North Korea and talking about illegal Koreans and how they are taking over small grocery stores. I guess if you are going to be racist, you might as well hate everybody.
to Diane wrote on Mar 27, 2007 1:08 PM:From my understanding these are 2 US citizens going to court.
Real simple wrote on Mar 27, 2007 1:08 PM:2 wrongs don't make a right. Illegal immigration wrong. Defamation wrong. Now Schwilk and Carney are on the same side of the issue as the border hoppers. They're both illegals.
Juan wrote on Mar 27, 2007 1:09 PM:Looks like these minutman should have put on their white sheets.
Kunkle wrote on Mar 27, 2007 1:16 PM:Just remember Tom Metzger, the old racist, hate monger and his White Aryan Resistance outfit. Old Tom is now broke and long gone from Fallbrook. Seems like he was sued for some of the racist antics he and his idiotic group pulled. Yeah, they scoffed and laughed at the lawsuit 'til it came time to pay up. Metzger lost his house ~ everything. What goes around, comes around. So maybe Swilk & Carney will get their comeupance, same as old Metzger did.
Treason wrote on Mar 27, 2007 1:16 PM:The only person committing treason is GWB by failing to secure the borders and actively deal with the illegal aliens already in the U.S. The others who hire these people are breaking other laws.
Rock Springs Activist wrote on Mar 27, 2007 1:31 PM:To Diane: please go outside and take several deep breaths. You are ignorant on this subject and your hateful emotions are bleeding through your writings. The answer to the illegal immigration problem has to be mediated between the United States government and the South American governments. All the name calling, finger pointing and red-necked table pounding won't do a darned thing. Oh, by the way, his name is (spelled) George Bush. He's our President and at least deserves the respect of getting his name right.
Diane wrote on Mar 27, 2007 1:41 PM:What I am upset about is the fact that they are quick to arrest American citizens, especially if they are outspoken about our Government abiding by OUR laws, but ignore the Illegals who are consistantly breaking our laws. I don't have any problem with American citizens getting arrested for crimes they committed, supposedly that's what the laws are about, but why the double standard? If we as Americans went to another country, we would not have the right to anything, some countries they would be put in a dark prison hole, or in front of a firing squad just for asking for the same rights as the other country. I am not saying what the Minutemen did was right, and if they committed crimes then yes convict them, but on the other hand the same should go for Illegals.
Diane wrote on Mar 27, 2007 1:57 PM:To "Rock Springs" - I am an American citizen who is demanding that our Government abides by the laws of OUR country. I have nothing but deep respect for the immigrants who followed OUR NATIONS policies and procedures in order to become United States Citizens. On the other hand I do not, and will not support Jorges Amnesty for the people who illegally entered into our country. George Bush needs a reality check and remember he is the President of the United States and as President it is his job and duty to PROTECT the United States Citizens and our country. He needs to also remember it is OUR tax dollars that pay his paycheck. He will have my respect when he starts looking out for the welfare of the American people instead of brown nosing the Latin American countries.
Sieg wrote on Mar 27, 2007 1:59 PM:Diane, you haven't got a clue. You don't know what you are talking about. You don't know treason from an apple tree. So we have 12 million felonious traitors running around loose in this country? Gimme a break. They will be granted amnesty for sure. Most members of Congress agree to a general amnesty and so does President Bush. The details are not yet agreed on is all. So then these "illegals" you fume about will be legal Diane. In the meantime there are NO generalized prosecutions in the works AT ALL.. PERIOD. Amnesty has been granted before to undocumented immigrants and will be again. The Bracero program is going to be resumed also. So, wise up Diane and get your facts straight. BTW you need anger management therapy like a starving man needs food.
I second the motion wrote on Mar 27, 2007 2:03 PM:I'm with Rock Springs - Diane, go back and read the George Will column on teh culture of anger in America, in this past Sunday's NCTimes opinion section. He's talking about folks like you.
JS wrote on Mar 27, 2007 2:13 PM:Both sides of this suit are guilty of baiting the other and using roughly the same tactics. Yoon wanted them to insult her so she could sue. These two rednecks stepped right into her trap. Its unfortunate that activists, of any issue, tend to be on the radical fringe, Right or Left. The simple fact is that most reasonable Americans are VERY concerned about the illegal alien situation. To attribute this concern to racsim is insulting and a red herring. The Minutemen DO NOT speak for me or most of Americans nor does Yoon, the ACLU or any other special interest group. On another note, to the commenter and the many others that say the illegals are ONLY working in the fields, you need to take a look at the construction, hotel, restaurant, tourist, driving and other service industries not to mention factories, warehouses, ad infinitum. At the other end we import skilled workers from Russia, India, South Africa, the Phillipines etc. to serve as doctors, nurses, engineers, etc etc. We are getting screwed at both ends of the employment spectrum. The REAL problem is and always has been throughout world history: Capitalists want cheap labor and they control our government. Lets target business and politicians with our anger instead of each other.
Trink wrote on Mar 27, 2007 2:20 PM:Just think of all the people in North County who hire illegal aliens to do their yard work, clean their houses, and cook their food!! They know good and well that the Latinos they are hiring to do that are illegals. They can barely speak English. Do these people ask about alien status? Not at all. And what about huge meat packer Swift repeatedly hiring illegals? And what about the big fence company right here in San Diego that has hired illegals over and over ~ as many as 250 illegals at a time. They have been fined over and over and promise to do better and repeat the same thing over and over. These are the real offenders folks. Those who hire undocumented workers. That's what brings them here in the first place ~ a chance to earn some money. But then again, the Government still hasn't put anything in place to positiviely check citizenship status. So in the final analysis one can only GUESS about it. But I am sure there are tons of hypocricy involved by people who yap and yap about how terrible the "illegal alien" problem is, but forget all about that when it comes to their own comfort and hiring somebody CHEAP to do their dirty work.
To Diane wrote on Mar 27, 2007 2:28 PM:Good point Diane. But you forgot to mention assimilation. These illegals should assimilate the same our European ancestors assimilated to the Native Americans.
Jeeez wrote on Mar 27, 2007 2:36 PM:What a preverse double standard many posters here to be subscribing to...law applies to non-US Citizens, but doesn't apply to US Citizens. I hope these guys lose their behinds!
Rock Springs wrote on Mar 27, 2007 2:44 PM:If you know illegals who have drivers licenses and insurance you obviously are not familiar with the law. ILLEGAL ALIENS are not allowed to have California Drivers licenses. They buy them at the swap meet.
Minutemen wrote on Mar 27, 2007 2:47 PM:Now they gotta pay HAHAHAHAHA, gotta love the irony and all the racism that the Minutemen organization is full of. "No, we are not racist" is their favorite talking point. Now the public knows the truth
Dad wrote on Mar 27, 2007 2:51 PM:Who benifits from illegal immigration? Did anyone get a discount on there new home because it was built by illegals? is your lawn service cheaper? No it is the contractors who pocket the extra money, and pay slave wages to these HARD working people. And leave them to live in the bushes, and hey if they get hurt and cannot work TOUGH LUCK, they dont have to cover them! they are illegal after all, I say Fine the greedy contractors TO THE MAX!! and secure the border. Stops the illegal traffic, so they are not dying in the desert, Then and only then look at bringing in guest workers. Anything else is rewarding the greedy contrators and selling EVERYONE else short. A legal guest worker should earn the same wage and benifits as a US citizen, and not have to be paid like a animal
Diane wrote on Mar 27, 2007 3:18 PM:It amazes me how the Illegal supporters start coming out of the wood work when Americans start to question why their government is not abiding by the laws and constitution of our county. Face the facts boys...George is looking out for himself and his cronies, you know, nothing like lining your pockets with Latin oil. George Bush took an oath when he took office of President, remember? You know, the one where he swore to uphold the laws and Constitution of the United States, and to protect OUR citizens. He cares nothing of American citizens, only what is profitable for himself and his cronies. Go ahead and support the Illegals...it is your right as an American citizen...just as it is mine to want our government to abide and follow our laws regarding individuals who illegally cross our borders.
respect is earned wrote on Mar 27, 2007 3:24 PM:Mr. Bush has not done one single thing that I feel deserves any respect. I would like to personally thank the people that where so foolled and self rightous that they voted for this sorry human being twice. twice . TWICE.Thank you for helping him give away our country.Like Diane I am angry, I think that all the pro illegals should do more that scream racism, civil rights and the rest of their bullcrap, Why dont they go to mexico and help fix their infrastructure, instead of tearing ours down. Having them leach off Americans is not a solution that I for one will am willing to put up with.Take whatever skills you possess down south spend your money there,teach them , show them, help them. but help them on your dime not mine.
Osider wrote on Mar 27, 2007 3:43 PM:Ah Ha Little Jeffy! You and your little percent of a group are going down one way or the other. Ah Ha
Diane wrote on Mar 27, 2007 3:48 PM:To Sieg - Look up the laws regarding Illegal entry into the United States, it specifically states that it is a felony, and automatic deportation...so what happened? Our system needs to be enforced, no if ands or buts. It also states anyone, no matter who you are, by harboring these Illegals is committing Treason. So you think you can re-write the United States laws like others that we know?
j 2 JS wrote on Mar 27, 2007 3:49 PM:JS says, "Let's target business and politicians with our anger..." Great idea. Let's cripple American business and fracture our own government with blind anger to get some results. Let's bring business to it's knees and then blame the immigrants and activists for a crappy economy. And let's whine to our politicians about how unfair life is. They have nothing to do anyway right?
Diane wrote on Mar 27, 2007 3:56 PM:The only thing I am asking for is that these Illegals abide by our laws regarding becoming legal immigrants. It is the same they would ask of us if we were in their country, that is if their country allowed it. (Some don't) Some foreign countries will actually shoot you on sight for burning their nations flag,but yet we sit aside and let them desigrate our flag constantly. Enough is enough!
Borderraven wrote on Mar 27, 2007 3:58 PM:I used to respect the ACLU, but when they began defending illegal aliens, I stopped. You see the ACLU members I have talked to said they protect the US Constitution and our rights. The Preamble starts, "We the people." The US Cosntitution was written to define the government of the USA, and the Bill of Rights, is not a list of our rights -- because all people are born with rights. The Bill of Rights, is a list of restrictions on our government to protect the rights of American citizens, not illegal aliens. Rights of American citizens, do not come without responsibilities, to defend the US Constitution, and therefore, the sovereignty of the USA. If Mexicans or the illegal aliens want rights, then they can go back to their country and revolution for their rights. Americans enjoy many privileges. Privileges are earned. America has a border separating it from Mexico. The border was defined in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The treaty says persons who want to live as Mexicans can go to Mexico. People cannot live as Mexicans, in the USA. It feels like America is about to have a revolution or civil war, and we don't want any innocent persons hurt or families separated, so please go back to your home country.
Rock Springs Activist wrote on Mar 27, 2007 4:06 PM:I stand corrected. These are "work permitted" aliens who then applied for and received California driver's licenses. Anyone over the age of 18 with a Social Security number can apply for a driver's license (if they pass all the requirements). Still, all this Latino hatred needs to be set aside and we need to realize they will be part of our society. I'm working on my Spanish.
Alf wrote on Mar 27, 2007 4:06 PM:Well, "I second the motion", I read George Will's column and you are right. Have you ever tried to discuss anything or reason with someone who is in partial or full blown rant mode? Impossible. Part of the reason is that breaking their stride only makes them more angry and fuels their fire.
richest nation in the world wrote on Mar 27, 2007 4:51 PM:Civil rights is not "bullcrap". Targeting citizens who are Mexican-looking is "bullcrap". I am still at a loss to understand how all these MM sympathizers can tell a person's citizenship by looking at them - unless it's the obvious reason, they look "Mexican".
Bob wrote on Mar 27, 2007 4:56 PM:Just wanted to join in, heaping gratuitous, nonsensical, ad hominem insults and abuse on Diane. What was the topic?
enough is enough wrote on Mar 27, 2007 5:04 PM:We have all heard enough of the tired and disingenuous arguments that the minutemen and their supporters aren't motivated by racism. This is a falsehood and we should stop allowing our intelligence to be insulted by such nonsense. Why do they spend their time and energy going after the most vulnerable and poorest members of our society? Because they pose the biggest threat to our safety and way of life? Get real! Anyone who has given some thought to the matter can cite more serious threats to our way of life, which are often sanctioned and endorsed by our elected leaders. What about corporate crime? Or the fact that almost 50 million of us lack health insurance? What about global climate change that we are contributing to disproportionately? And let's not forget to mention the wars that our government is waging around the world, creating suspicion and distrust of American values. And who is fighting our wars? Many of the sons and daughters of immigrants, who do support their country. And you want to spend your time attacking those that come here to clean your dishes, mow your lawns, clean your hotel rooms, fight your wars, and raise your kids? Please. Let's inject some honesty into this discussion: immigration is not a threat to you or your way of life unless you are a racist, overtly or not. I would argue that we would all be better off, regardless of where we stand on any given issue, to be more empathetic to our fellow human beings. Just try to put yourselves in the shoes of someone else for once and maybe you'll begin to realize that despite which flag we wave, we are all the same.
to JS wrote on Mar 27, 2007 5:20 PM:Actually, JS, the ACLU does speak for you (and the minutemen) by promoting and defending your (and their) civil rights. Don't allow yourself to be distracted by labels that peg certain groups as liberal, etc. And another point: activists don't tend to be on the fringe. They tend to be normal people who care enough to step up and say something they are passionate about. Like getting women the right to vote, giving black people their civil rights, and more practical measures like putting seatbelts in cars which has saved MILLIONS of lives. Also, you should realize that most REASONABLE Americans are not very concerned about "illegal aliens." They are concerned about much more important things. Finally, you would do well to distinguish bewteen the tactics of the "two sides" in this issue. I have yet to read or hear an articulate argument made by a minuteman/woman (and believe me, I have been looking), but I have witnessed hundreds of acts of verbal and physical abuse as well as other behavior that is unbecoming of a respectable adult.
Art wrote on Mar 27, 2007 5:45 PM:News Flash! [to Diane]: These's a thing called the U.S. Constitution.
Alf wrote on Mar 27, 2007 6:08 PM:Well, "to JS" at 5:20pm, you are significantly more generous than I was in my 9:38am post. I am usually a reasonable person and I am concerned about the effect of illegal aliens (a 2.7 on a scale of 10). I am most concerned that GWB is continuing to send soldiers to a foreign country under false pretenses and that his "war on terrorism" has resulted in more deaths of Americans than all the people that were killed on 9/11 (that is a 10 out of 10).
Skip wrote on Mar 27, 2007 6:09 PM:You all are missing the point ! Illegals are STILL ILLEGAL, and 80% of Americans want Illegal Immigration to be stopped.
The Real Numbers wrote on Mar 27, 2007 6:12 PM:Since this story has been posted on march 26, 2007, aproximently 12,000 new Illegal Aliens have snuck accross our borders. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the resident population of the United States, projected to 03/28/07 at 01:11 GMT (EST+5) is 301,474,971.
Borderraven wrote on Mar 27, 2007 6:22 PM:Under authority and protections, of the Constitution of the United States of America, the Bill of Rights, and the Military and Veterans Code, and laws of the of California, members of the "unorganized militia", consisting of volunteers, citizens, associates of The Minuteman Project and Save Our State.Org, and other patriotic groups, loyalt to the US Constitution, are standing up, and taking actions, as a "militia", to perform their duty, to defend our nation, state and city, against any paramilitary, terrorists, Socialists, Communists, Anarchists, Marxists, illegal alien invaders, terrorists, and their supporters, who may do us harm. The unorganized militia, will defend the US Constitution, enforce the Laws of the United States, and requests the Federal Government take such actions as may be necessary to authorize municipal governments to make inquiries on the legal status of persons who may be illegal immigrants and take other such actions that will enable local governments to address the problems associated with illegal immigration. It is the intention of the unorganized militia, to cut through the red tape, political correctness, and micromanagement, which seems to be hindering and impeding the efforts of local, state and federal government agencies, to enforce the laws, on the books.WARNING! The militia has authority to pursuit, detain and arrest, for violations of state and federal laws. Persons without identification, and those found in violation of immigration laws, will be held until, or delivered to the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) who can take them into custody. The militia may summon the aid of any persons or agency to aid in the capture or arrest fleeing suspects. CAUTION! The militia has authority to carry non-lethal and lethal weapons, including firearms, either exposed of concealed. WARNING! The militia may appear without notice to defend local businesses against looting, protect lives, property, and to protect food storage.
John wrote on Mar 27, 2007 6:25 PM:Ya know what ya have when you have a hundred Lawyers at the bottom of the Ocean? A good start.
Sparky wrote on Mar 27, 2007 7:12 PM:Skippy, we ain't missin' the point. But it is important that the point be addressed and solved legally. Otherwise we're just illegals too. That's something Schwilk and ilk have figured out yet.
Hey Borderraven wrote on Mar 27, 2007 7:39 PM:WARNING! Your "unorganized militia" doesn't have the authority to do diddly squat. CAUTION! We're not laughing at you, we're laughing with the people all around you.
Borderraven Watcher wrote on Mar 27, 2007 7:48 PM:Did you know that carrying a concealed weapon without a permit is a felony? Do you know that your post constitutes an open threat? Do you know that the use of a gun in the commission of any crime, whether there is injury or not, is a felony subject to possible life in prison? Think first, think carefully and above all else, remember that there are cameras all around, as the local leaders found out. Choose violence and you might get more than you bargained for. That is a statement of fact.
Alf wrote on Mar 27, 2007 8:01 PM:I'm with "Borderraven Watcher" on this. The police and border patrol are trained in the proper use of weapons, the laws surrounding what can and cannot be done and they also weed out people like you long before your kind of attitude gets a chance to put on a uniform, badge and gun.
Alf wrote on Mar 27, 2007 8:12 PM:Come to think of it, "Borderraven", the first four words of the Second Amendment, "A well regulated militia", do not in any way sound like what you advocate. But then again, people like you act just like criminals, picking and choosing what laws you will obey and when you will obey them.
Borderrraven LOL wrote on Mar 27, 2007 8:24 PM:Warning, you should really stop watching and reading whatever proganda your extremists buddies are giving you. Caution: I see prison in your future, fellow patriot. [A messege from a local police officer, POST certefied and sworn to upheld the U.S. and CA Constitutions]
No ID here, Borderraven wrote on Mar 27, 2007 8:39 PM: That has to be the most pompous piece of garbage I have ever seen in a NCT comment page. "The militia has authority to pursuit, detain and arrest, for violations of state and federal laws." Geez, can I start me a militia too?
Mr. Icebox wrote on Mar 27, 2007 8:43 PM:I'm glad to see that someone is protecting our "food storage". Thanks a million Borderraven.
unbelievable wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:03 PM:Dear Officer Borderraven, You have been relieved of duty, kindly abandon your post. Food storage is secure. If there is a Marxist paramilitary invasion, or a group of migrant farm workers overthows your local government, don't call us, we'll call you.
Syl wrote on Mar 27, 2007 10:59 PM:While the Minuteman volunteers are preparing their operations, immigrants continue to arrive in Reynosa, Mexico, with intentions to cross into the United States. Between sixty to seventy immigrants are given a place to stay every night at the Guadalupe Shelter downtown Reynosa. They are undocumented immigrants who are looking to cross the Rio Grande River at any cost. This is happening all across the u.S. -mexico border every night. Thousands and thousands of illegal aliens every day. What will happen to the next 20 million and our way of life?
syl wrote on Mar 27, 2007 11:01 PM:For all of you against the Minutemen, how will you feel when the Illegal Alien population in Escondido reaches 60 Thousand, ...... 90 Thousand? It won't be long at the rate we are going.
To Syl, syl and Borderrraven wrote on Mar 28, 2007 6:55 AM:Take the law into your own hands and your hands will get burned. Yours are the words of fanatics, mine are the words of the law.
Diane wrote on Mar 28, 2007 9:21 AM:To Art - You obviously did not read my post before you reacted. I clearly stated the question of why is our "fearless" leader not abiding by the Oath he swore when he became President. You know...the one where he swears to uphold the laws and Constitution of the United States. Why is he not enforcing the Legal sys



