Dead Sea Scrolls: Long-awaited exhibit offers sights, sounds, smells and samples
By: KIRBY FAIRFAX For the North County Times | ∞
"Dead Sea Scrolls"
When: Opens Friday and runs through Dec. 31; hours, 9:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. daily (open until 8 p.m. Thursdays, except holidays); exhibit admission is by timed entry; call ahead for a reservation
Where: San Diego Natural History Museum, 1788 El Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego
Tickets: $20-$28
Info: (619) 232-3821
Web: www.sdnhm.org
By far the most convenient way to see Israel this year is to visit the San Diego Natural History Museum in our very own Balboa Park, where a once-in-a-lifetime experience awaits. For, in addition to an unprecedented exhibition of the actual Dead Sea Scrolls, the museum's staff has created a powerful, multisensory tour of the land where these historical treasures were discovered, thereby helping viewers to put them into context.
The display covers two floors: The upper story presents visitors with images, information and expressions of the country today, as well as explanations and background about the discovery of the scrolls. On the lower level, museum goers will find a re-creation of the village of Qumran, the Jewish settlement that is believed to have produced and hidden the ancient manuscripts, complete with artifacts found on site, life-sized replicas of the caves and clay jars where the rolled-up documents were found and the reassembled goatskin marvels themselves.
A 20-minute virtual-reality film will be shown continually throughout the event's six-month run, accompanied by knowledgeable docents who will provide yet more insights into the mysteries of the 2,000-year-old civilization that produced this fragile but enduringly fascinating slice of history.
One of the highlights of this extravagantly generous exhibition is the collection of monumental photographs of the topography, flora and fauna of the region in question, which seem strangely familiar.
"Actually, the size, geology and geography of San Diego and Israel are very similar; they are both Mediterranean climates. In fact, the scrolls probably survived, at least in part, because of the dryness and low humidity of the area," explained Delle Willett, the museum's director of marketing.
She pointed to vast landscapes that she compared with Borrego Springs; rock formations and flowers reminiscent of those in the high desert of East County; and the Dead Sea itself, which shares many characteristics with the Salton Sea.
Another outstanding aspect of this many-faceted experience is the inclusion of stimuli for other senses beyond the visual: the hands-on activities provided to make the scientific concepts more relevant to viewers, the lifelike bleating of goats and the poignant smell of exotic spices.
Obviously, no expense was spared to put together this world-class exposition, which has been three years in the making.
"We had a $6 million budget," Willett noted, with which the museum upgraded its facility, set up the exhibit, hired extra staff, financed the conservation of 10 scrolls, and paid for the travel of experts and their priceless cargo. They worked in conjunction with the Israeli Antiquities Authority and the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation, which gave them permission to import the specimens, many of which have never before been seen outside of their native land.
"This is not a traveling exhibit," Willett said, adding that although a few of the scrolls have been shown in America over the years, each venue has worked with Israeli authorities individually. "This is different, because it is the largest display ever put on in the United States, and quite possibly the world."
She explained that a dozen of the parchments will be on view for the first three months of the show, then those will rotate with an equal number of others for the duration. There will also be three scrolls from Jordan that will be shown the entire time: two on papyrus and one on copper, the latter of which has been translated as a description of a treasure hunt involving vast wealth, although apparently none has been recovered as a result of its discovery.
"Due to their delicate and deteriorating condition, they may not be allowed out of the country again," Willett said, adding that the museum is very grateful to be able to offer visitors this chance to view these irreplaceable traces of the past from this historically significant region. "They tell the story of beliefs, thoughts and stories so powerful that they have managed to live for over 2,000 years and have spread throughout the world."
The decaying sheets of leather wrapped in linen were first discovered by a Bedouin shepherd in 1947, and, once archaeologists determined they were authentic, by 1956 some 100,000 fragments had been rescued from 11 caves in the area. There are now some 900 recognizable texts, of which some are Old Testament books of the Bible, but many of which are also sectarian and mundane, describing everyday matters, such as land leases and religious practices of the sect that recorded them. They were written in Paleo-Hebrew (an older form of the modern language), Aramaic and Greek, probably by scribes who copied them from older versions of the texts.
Also on display are 11 pages from several 1,000-year-old Hebrew Bibles on loan from the Russian government as well as 17th and 18th century Ethiopic copies of the Bible and three pages from a six-year contemporary project, the Saint John's Bible, which seeks to replicate the medieval tradition of illuminating manuscripts, among many other such treasures.
Visitors are being admitted in groups of 100 every 15 minutes, and although they will be permitted to spend as much time as they like viewing, they will not be allowed to double back to redo their journey because of the volume of patrons expected.
"We think well over 400,000 people will show up; we've heard from people in more than half of the states, as well as Canada and Mexico," the director noted.
Self-guided audio tours will be available in both Spanish and English; on the second Saturday of each month sign language interpreters will be on hand. Children under the age of 12 should only attend if interest and maturity levels indicate, she added. Security will also be strict; think airport guidelines to ensure a seamless experience.
Last but certainly not least, culturally relevant foods will be available for purchase, including roof-top lunches. And if visitors are not already on sensory overload, they are invited to complete their total immersion by checking out the chocolates redolent with Middle Eastern flavors, prepared specifically for the occasion, on sale in the gift shop.
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Charles wrote on Jun 28, 2007 1:58 PM:This article fails to inform readers of the controversy surrounding this exhibit. The recent L.A. Times article by Mike Boehm clearly indicates that people have been criticizing the museum for taking sides in a vicious academic struggle between proponents of two different theories of scroll origins. The article cites the recent essay entitled "Truth and Fiction in Current Exhibitions of the Dead Sea Scrolls" by well-known University of Chicago historian Norman Golb: "The museum, instead of guiding viewers toward an understanding of the controversy over the origin and significance of the scrolls, manifestly undertakes to manipulate the layman's comprehension of them." The article further quotes the embarrassing attempt by the exhibit curator, Dr. Risa Levitt Kohn, to explain the museum's decision to present only the old, now widely discredited theory of scroll origins: "You don't want to confuse people with so many competing theories." This is nothing less than an astounding confession. Does the Museum truly believe that visitors will be "confused" if they are given an accurate account of the current state of scholarship in this field? Are we to believe it is preferable to manipulate people than to "confuse" them by telling them the truth? One does not expect to hear such obscurantist balderdash from an institution whose declared mission is to "educate the public." Rather than allowing the Natural History Museum to use it as a public relations tool, the North County Times might have signaled the existence of this controversy, with sufficient information to direct readers towards an informed understanding of the issues involved. For details, anyone who is actually interested in finding out what is going on can download Professor Golb's "Fact and Fiction" article from the University of Chicago website (a google search brings it up). In an appendix that specifically addresses the San Diego exhibit, Golb concludes that the facts he enumerates "raise basic questions regarding the scientific conduct of the San Diego museum in respect to its forthcoming exhibit of the Scrolls." Readers should also consult Golb's earlier editorial in The Forward (also on line), which explains exactly why this controversy is so important.
Jim wrote on Jun 29, 2007 3:15 PM:WOW. Charles REALLY must love Norman Golb! It's a shame that Professor Golb and his friends spend more time criticizing the efforts of others and shamelessly promoting Dr. Golb's book than they do actually seeing the exhibit. If they had actually gone to the San Diego Museum as I did this morning, they would have seen the virtual reality movie, and would have liked the part where the museum ACCEPTS Professor Golb's idea that the site was originally a fortress. They would have seen professors Magen and Peleg's pottery research. They would have seen the reasoning behind DeVaux's Essene theory, and how it is being challenged today. Why are Golb and his friends criticizing Golb's own theory?? On a more positive note, the exhibit was VERY well done!! The photography was an added bonus!!
Charles wrote on Jul 1, 2007 9:51 AM:Apparently Jim doesn't understand the nature of the debate about Qumran, and his failure to understand it AFTER seeing the exhibit shows how badly the museum is misinforming the public. The question is not whether Qumran was "originally a fortress" (even DeVaux admitted that it was), but whether the site was ever inhabited by Essenes or any other sect. Mike Boehm's Los Angeles Times article states that the exhibit "acknowledges that competing theories exist but sticks mainly to a low-keyed assertion of the mainstream view." Detailed published descriptions of the virtual reality film confirm this--the film mentions Magen and Peleg, but rejects their conclusions that no sect lived at Qumran and that the Scrolls came from Jerusalem. On the other hand, the film accepts DeVaux's interpretations of Qumran (e.g., his identification of one locale as a "scriptorium," or of the cisterns as "ritual baths"), without explaining the reasons why an entire series of major archaeologists have rejected them. Thus, the museum has indeed chosen to misinform the public and take sides in this debate.
Suzanne wrote on Jul 1, 2007 9:43 PM:Jim obviously doesn't understand the issues being raised here. The fundamental point being raised by Golb and others is that the museum has carefully exluded all opponents of the traditional theory of Scroll origins from its lecture series, including all of the major archaeologists of the past decade who have concluded that no sect ever lived at Qumran. Golb doesn't need to go to the exhibit to see that the lecture series roster (published on the museum's website) is utterly biased towards the old theory.
John wrote on Jul 3, 2007 10:27 AM: The show was GREAT! If you're in San Diego or visiting, go see it! The nasty comments above do not represent the fresh and informative things I saw. The museum did San Diego proud.
John wrote on Jul 3, 2007 9:51 PM: What is this? Why are there all of these nasty comments on every one of the articles about the Dead Sea Scrolls show? There was no controversy there that I saw and most of the people were very curious and attentive as they were walking through. I disagree with the person above, it was a very educational show with plenty of "information to direct readers towards an informed understanding of the issues involved." I wish people would stop being mean and respect a really good thing.
Suzanne wrote on Jul 4, 2007 2:06 PM:John--you are obviously ignorant of the issues involved here. The question is not whether the exhibit is enjoyable, but whether it properly informs the public of the reasons WHY an entire series of scholars have rejected the Qumran-sectarian theory of scroll origins over the past decade. There is a superb piece on this by Charles Gadda on the Now Public site, entitled Dead Sea Scrolls Misleads Public? The link is [Web site] Do your homework, read the articles linked there and please get back to us with your opinion once you have informed yourself, since you were clearly misinformed by the exhibit.
Suzanne wrote on Jul 4, 2007 2:32 PM:P.s. I see that they don't publish links, but you can easily google the name and title to find it.
Charles wrote on Jul 4, 2007 2:46 PM:John--you say the "there was no controversy there," at the exhibit. That's precisely the problem. The scrolls are at the core of a vicious academic controversy, exposed in the New York Times, the Cambridge History of Judaism and many other sources. Scholarly interpretation of the scrolls is polarized between two different theories. All of the proponents of one of those theories have been excluded by the museum. This is morally wrong and offensive to many people. You were misinformed by the exhibit.
Larry wrote on Jul 11, 2007 2:11 PM:These Dead Sea Scrolls shows are not intended to 'educate' people, they are fundamentally religious celebrations, just like a Bible movie or a Jesus 'documentary.' As long as people enjoy what they see, the museum will simply ignore questions of historical accuracy, neutrality, or any other scientific issue that might arise. It's profitable for their organization, therefore they would only change something if people actually started, say, to picket the exhibit or shout out in anger during the lecture series, which is obviously not going to happen.
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