Andaya, Frederico

Farnsworth, Kahanna

Gates, Elmer

Haberstroh, Jack

Halverson, Kimberly

Hansen, Wilfred

Kramer, Patrick

Monaco, Frank

Porotesano, Pita

Ripley, Frederick

Sienski, Stanley

Tyler, Scott

Wong, Robert

Ziemak, Statia

Wilfred Hansen, 68

SAN DIEGO - Wilfred Harold Hansen, 68, died Tuesday, Jan. 16, 2007, at his home.

Born Feb. 20, 1938, in Oakland, he lived in San Diego for 35 years. He was an electrical technician at San Diego State University. He served in the U.S. Air Force. He was a volunteer at homeless ministries in San Diego. He attended Maranatha Church. He graduated from Philadelphia College of the Bible and Philadelphia Wireless Technical Institute.

Mr. Hansen is survived by his daughters and son-in-law, Melody and Ken Sands of Lakewood and Molly Torres of Escondido; brother and sister-in-law Doug and Roberta Hansen of Santa Rosa; and former wife Dora Lou Hanson of Escondido.

A memorial service is scheduled for 1 p.m. Monday, Jan. 22, at Maranatha Chapel, 10752 Coastwood Road in San Diego.

Inurnment will be at

11 a.m. Wednesday, Jan. 24, at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego.

The family suggests donations to KPBS, 5200 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182.

McLeod Mortuary in Escondido is handling arrangements.

Robert Wong, 81

CARLSBAD - Robert Y. Wong, 81, died of heart attack Tuesday, Jan. 9, 2007.

Born Nov. 3, 1925, in Minneapolis, he lived in Carlsbad for 21 years.

He served in the U.S. Marine Corps during World War II as a sergeant. He had a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in mechanical engineering. He enjoyed golf and traveling.

Mr. Wong is survived by his son, Paul Wong of Studio City; daughter Roberta Wong of Los Angeles; brothers and sisters-in-law Ed and Rosemarie Wong of Glendale and David Wong and Laura Weisburg; sisters and brothers-in-law Jane and Bill Lewis of Renton, Wash., Dorothy and Harding Pan of Brookfield, Wis., Betty and Allan Hum of Minnetonka, Mich., Doris Wong and Jeff Winter of Minneapolis, Mich., Julia Wong and Jim Moy of Madison, Wis., and one granddaughter.

A memorial service is scheduled for 1 p.m. and inurnment at 1:30 p.m. Saturday, Feb. 3, at Eternal Hills Mortuary Chapel in Oceanside.

The family suggests donations to the Susan G. Komen Foundation, komen.org, (888) 888-3317, The Komen Foundation, 5005 LBJ Fwy., Suite 250, Dallas, TX 75244.

Eternal Hills Mortuary is handling arrangements.

Elmer Gates, 83

OCEANSIDE - Elmer A. Gates, 83, died of a heart attack Tuesday, Jan. 16, 2007, at his home.

Born Jan. 26, 1923, in Collyer, Kan., he lived in Oceanside for 27 years. He was in real estate. He retired after 35 years in 1979 from Southern California Edison Co. He served in the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II. He graduated from Michigan State University in 1949.

Mr. Gates was preceded in death by his mother, Lola P. Gates; and sister Marie Thournir.

He is survived by his wife of 60 years, Iolla V. Gates of Oceanside; son and daughter-in-law Steven M. and Patty A. Gates of Carlsbad; daughters and sons-in-law Lynne M. and Dean C. Johnson of Fallbrook and Karen D. and Kevin M. Cotton of Carlsbad; brother and sister-in-law Robert R. and Claudia Gates of Las Vegas; nine grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren.

A graveside service is scheduled for 1:15 p.m. Friday, Jan. 26, at Riverside National Cemetery, 22495 Van Buren Blvd. in Riverside.

Eternal Hills Mortuary is handling arrangements.

Jack Haberstroh, 80

RANCHO BERNARDO - Jack Haberstroh, 80, died Saturday, Jan. 13, 2007, at Scripps Memorial Hospital in La Jolla.

He was born Nov. 24, 1926, in Chicago. He was a former newspaper executive and professor of advertising at San Diego State University in the late 1970s. He ran a hang-

gliding school, wrote books, owned small newspapers, and operated a free busline for SDSU students.

He served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He received a bachelor's degree in English from Loyola University, Los Angeles in 1951, a master's degree in journalism from UCLA in 1952, and a doctorate in mass communications from the University of Iowa in 1969.

Mr. Haberstroh was preceded in death by his son, Philip Haberstroh, in 1991.

He is survived by his wife of 57 years, Therese Haberstroh; sons Mark of La Mesa, Paul of Lake Havasu City, Ariz., John of Chicago, Matthew of Medford, Mass., and Joe of Bay Shore, N.Y.; daughters Mary Therese Hites of Lewiston, Idaho; and 10 grandchildren.

A memorial Mass will be celebrated at 9:30 a.m. Monday, Jan. 22, at San Rafael Catholic Church, 17252 Bernardo Center Drive in Rancho Bernardo.

Stanley Sienski, 86

CARLSBAD - Stanley P. Sienski, 86, died of cancer Tuesday, Jan. 9, 2007, in Oceanside.

Born Dec. 17, 1920, in Waterbury, Conn., he lived in Carlsbad for 36 years. He retired in 1970 from the U.S. Marine Corps as a gunnery sergeant. He was a member of Mission San Luis Rey Parish.

Mr. Sienski is survived by his son, Paul Sienski of Brea; sister Marion Nowacki of

Miami; and granddaughter Julia.

A Mass will be celebrated at 1 p.m. Friday, Jan. 26, at Old Mission Church San Luis Rey in Oceanside with the Rev. Michel Gagnon officiating.

In lieu of flowers, the family suggests donations to Old Mission Retrofit, San Luis Rey Mission, Oceanside, CA.

Accu-Care Cremation Center is handling arrangements.

Kimberly Halverson, 46

BIGFORK, Mont. - Kimberly LaRue Halverson, 46, died of cancer Sunday, Jan. 14, 2007, at Northwest Medical Center in Kalispell, Mont.

She was born Aug. 28, 1960, in Carson.

Mrs. Halverson is survived by her mother and stepfather, Hauline LaRue and Norm Lebel of Bigfork; son Presley Quinn Halverson of Anchorage, Alaska; father and stepmother George and Josephine Boss of Valley Center; daughters Rachel LaRue Halverson of Anchorage and Aubrey Rose Halverson of Bigfork; brother Wally Boss of Valley Center; and sister and brother-in-law Tami and Ralph Ertz of Anchorage.

A memorial service is scheduled for 3 p.m. Saturday, Jan. 27, at Crossroads Christian Fellowship in Bigfork with the Revs. Larry Lautaret and Halden Curtiss officiating. Her cremains will be scattered at sea.

The family suggests donations for GIST (gastrointestinal cancer) research.

Kahanna Farnsworth, 60

ESCONDIDO - Kahanna Farnsworth, 60, died Friday, Jan. 12, 2007.

She was born Jan. 28, 1946. She was a science teacher for various school districts, and Palomar Mountain special schools. She was the author of books detailing eatable and/ or dangerous plants. She was a volunteer for church projects. She was a member of The Gathering Place. She was a former member of Kehilat Ariel Messianic Congregation of San Diego and the Living Way Church, where she was a foreign missionary to Haiti. She enjoyed cooking, long walks in the countryside and the town of Julian.

Mr. Farnsworth is survived by her husband, Ron Farnsworth; mother Ro Shensa of San Diego; daughter and son-in-law, Dawn and Keith Clement of Fresno; and brother and sister-in-law Mark and Cheryl Shensa of San Diego.

A memorial service is scheduled for 2 p.m. Sunday, Jan. 21, at New Hope of Rancho Penasquitos in San Diego.

Statia Ziemak, 87

OCEANSIDE - Statia J. Ziemak, 87, died Wednesday, Jan. 17, 2007, at her home.

Born March 17, 1919, in Pittsfield, Mass., she lived in Oceanside for three years. She was a member of St. Margaret's Parish. She enjoyed sewing, crafts, gold and hydro classes.

Mrs. Ziemak was preceded in death by her husband, Victor, in 2002; and son-in-law David Connors in 2006. She is survived by her daughters, Celia Connors of Las Vegas and Carrie Ziemak of Oceanside; brothers Joseph Jamula of Lanesboro, Mass., and Alfred Jamula of Pittsfield; three grandchildren; and one great-grandchild.

Viewing is scheduled at 9:30 a.m. Monday, Jan. 22, at Glenville Funeral Home in Glenville, N.Y. A Mass will follow at 11 a.m. at Immaculate Conception Church in Glenville. Burial at Most Holy Redeemer in Albany, N.Y., is planned.

The family suggests donations to Hospice of the North Coast, 5441 Avenida Encinas, Suite A, Carlsbad, CA 92008, or St. Margaret's Parish, 4300 Oceanside Blvd., Oceanside, CA 92056, for sacred furnishings fund.

Glenville Funeral Home is handling arrangements.

Patrick Kramer, 41

FALLBROOK - Patrick David Kramer, 41, died of injuries he received in an automobile accident Thursday, Nov. 23, 2006.

Born July 29, 1965, in Bellevue, Wash., he lived in Fallbrook for eight years. He was a NASCAR fan and enjoyed restoring his El Camino, woodworking and playing golf.

Mr. Kramer was preceded in death by his mother, Emma Kramer, in 2002. He is survived by his father, Fred Kramer of Cathedral City; brothers and sister-in-law Kim and Kathi Kramer of Sammamish, Wash., and Todd Kramer of Fallbrook; and sisters and brothers-in-law Jene Kramer of Bellevue, Wash., Gaylynn and Michael Kramer of Thousand Oaks, Leanne and Randy LaMere of La Quinta; Stephanie and Eirik Kramer-Berg of Sammamish.

A celebration of life will be held at a later date. A private cremation is planned.

Cards and letters may be sent to the Kramer family at 29628 Sandy Court, Cathedral City, CA 92234.

Wiefel's & Sons Mortuary in Palm Springs is handling arrangements.

Pita Porotesano, 44

OCEANSIDE - Pita Leatapo Porotesano, 44, died Sunday, Dec. 31, 2006, at Tri-City Medical Center.

Born July 2, 1962, in

Tula, American Samoa, he lived in Oceanside for two years. He was a security guard at Island Roots Security.

Mr. Porotesano was preceded in death by his father, Porotesano Leatapo Salanoa, in 1998; and son Joseph Jr. Porotesano in 1986. He is survived by his wife of 21 years, Samalaulu Aano of Oceanside; mother Punefuolemotu Letuli of American Samoa; brothers Niumalili Salanoa, Porotesano Jr. Salanoa, Tuna Porotesano and Vaipuna Salanoa, all of American Samoa, and Apisaloma Salanoa Porotesano of Vista; sisters La'Alaai Ta'Amilo of Seattle, Lupelele Lafitaga of San Diego, Afutoto Salanoa of San Francisco, Menime Sega of Anchorage, Alaska, and Sinaita'Aga Leatapo of American Samoa; and children Nichole Miracle Leatapo Porotesano, Leatapo Rocky Maciano Porotesano and Katherina Cassina Porotesano, all of Oceanside, and Menime Marie Porotesano of San Francisco.

Visitation is scheduled from 4 to 8 p.m. Sunday, Jan. 21, at Eternal Hills Mortuary Chapel. A funeral service will be held at 10 a.m. Monday, Jan. 22, at Eternal Hills Mortuary Chapel. Interment will follow at Eternal Hills Memorial Park.

Eternal Hills Mortuary is handling arrangements.

Frank Monaco, 67

VISTA - Frank V. Monaco, 67, died of lung cancer Wednesday, Dec. 20, 2006, at San Diego Hospice.

Born March 14, 1939, in Endicott, N.Y., he lived in Vista for six years. He worked at Panasonic. He was a pioneer in the photocopy industry. He was a member of the Elks Club in Vista, the California Pacers RV Club and the GMC Elegant Cruiser Motorhome Club.

Mr. Monaco was preceded in death by his son, Frank M. Monaco, in 2006. He is survived by his wife of 49 years, Sharron Monaco of Vista; mother Delino Leone of Hollywood, Fla.; sons and daughters-in-law Michael Monaco of Greenwood Lake, N.Y., Patricia Monaco of Vernon, N.J., and Timothy and Suzanne Monaco of Bend, Ore.; daughter and son-in-law Andrea and Ralph Staiano of Maywood, N.J.; sister and brother-in-law Theresa and Leonard Cericola of Endicott; and five grandchildren.

A memorial service is scheduled for 11 a.m. Saturday, Feb. 17, at the Elks Club, 1947 E. Vista Way in Vista. Interment at Riverside Cemetery in Endicott, N.Y., is planned.

The family suggests donations to the Scripps health Foundation, P.O. Box 2669, La Jolla, CA 92038-2669, or the San Diego Hospice and Palliative Care, 4311 Third Ave., San Diego, CA 92103.

Cremation Services is handling arrangements.

Frederico Andaya, 68

OCEANSIDE - Frederico Caberto Andaya, 68, died Saturday, Jan. 6, 2007, in Carlsbad.

Born Oct. 13, 1938, in Narvacan, Philippines, he lived in Oceanside for 19 years. He retired in 2004 of a chef. He enjoyed his grandchildren and cooking.

Mr. Andaya is survived by his wife of 46 years, Gloria Andaya of Oceanside; daughters Remedios Santos of the Philippines, Glory Andaya of Oceanside and Charisse Querimit of Escondido; sons Renato Andaya, Reynaldo Andaya and Federico Andaya Jr., all of the Philippines; 20 grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren.

Services will be held at a later date in the Philippines.

California Funeral Alternatives in Escondido is handling arrangements.

Scott Tyler, 36

DIAMOND BAR - Scott Tyler, 36, died Monday, Jan. 15, 2007, at his home.

Born Jan. 16, 1970, in Upland, he lived in Oceanside and Vista for five years previously.

Mr. Tyler is survived by his mother, Patricia Summers; father Stephen Tyler; brothers Russell Tyler, Craig Tyler, Patrick Summers and Andrew Summers; sisters Kristina Roberts, Camille Graff, Emilie Ellis and Ashley Summers; and grandparents William and Jean Boughey.

Visitation is scheduled for 1 p.m. to the start of the funeral service at 2 p.m. today, Jan. 20, at the Oceanside stake of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 3990 Mesa Drive, in Oceanside with Bishop Mark Wright officiating.

Eternal Hills Mortuary is handling arrangements.

Frederick Ripley, 56

OCEANSIDE - Frederick G. Ripley, 56, died of pancreatic cancer Thursday, Jan. 18, 2007, at Glenbrook Skilled Nursing Facility in Carlsbad.

Born Aug. 11, 1950, in Fort Doge, Iowa, he lived in Oceanside for 15 years. He retired in 1993 from the U.S. Air Force as a master sergeant as a military public affairs officer and a journalist.

Mr. Ripley is survived by his wife of 22 years, Marcia Ripley of Oceanside; and daughters Gillian Ripley and Cecily Ripley, both of Oceanside.

A memorial service is scheduled for 10 a.m. Saturday, Feb. 3, at Eternal Hills Memorial Chapel, 1999 El Camino Real in Oceanside. Inurnment will follow.

Eternal Hills Mortuary is handling arrangements.

James Taylor, 73

MURRIETA -- James France Taylor, 73, died of liver cancer, Thursday, Jan. 18, 2007, at Lafayette Homecare in Murrieta.

Born Sept. 17, 1933, in California, he lived in Murrieta. He was a foreman for 25 years.

Mr. Taylor is survived by his wife, Joan Taylor; daughters Debby Chesney of Encinitas and Tern Fretwell of Mission Viejo; brother, Jack Taylor of Torrance; and four grandchildren.

A private cremation is planned.

The family suggests memorial donations to Hospice of the Valleys, 28127 Bradley Road, Sun City, and the American Cancer Society, 2655 Camino Del Rio N. Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92108.

Carl Tinder, 74

MURRIETA -- Carl Robert Tinder, 74, died Monday, Jan. 15, 2007, in Hemet.

Born March 22, 1932, in Bowen, Ill., he lived in Murrieta for five years. He served in the U.S. Navy. He attended Eastern Illinois University and graduated at Sparks Business College in Shelbyville, Ill. He completed the graduate program at the Graduate School of Banking, University of Wisconsin. He was employed in the banking industry for 43 years. He retired in 1998. He was a member of the Methodist church, served in numerous civic and banking organizations, and was an avid sports fan.

Mr. Tinder was preceded in death by his father and mother, Carl D. and Lillie Tinder.

He is survived by his wife of 52 years, Helen Tinder, of Murrieta; son and daughter-in-law, Brad and Peggy Tinder of Irvine; daughter and son-in-law, Cindy and Paul Poblete of San Diego; brother and sisters-in-law Richard and Susan Tinder of Charleston, Ill., and James and Linda Tinder of Jefferson, Mo.; sisters Beverly Peters of Seaford, Del., and Jane Anlauf of Sierra Vista, Ariz.; brother-in-law, Ed Wollbrink of Quincy, Ill.; and three grandchildren.

A memorial service is scheduled at 2 p.m. Monday, Jan. 22, at Miller-Jones Mortuary & Crematory in Sun City.

The family suggests donations to the American Heart Association, 1710 Gilbreath Road, Burlingame, CA 92103

Miller-Jones Mortuary is handling arrangements.

Memorials

Dorothy Manriquez Ormsby, 94

Died Sunday, Jan. 14, 2007, in Yuma, Ariz.

Born Sept. 7, 1912, in Santa Monica, Calif.

Dorothy lived approximately 44 years in Los Angles County, Calif., 38 years in Valley Center, Calif., and four years in Escondido, Calif. She spent the last eight years in Yuma, Ariz., with her husband, Gery Ormsby.

Preceded in death by first husband, Enick Manriquez, they were married 46 years. She is survived by her husband of 24 years, Gery Ormsby; five children: LeRoy Andre Manriquez of Rancho Bernardo, Calif., Marie Holt of Payson, Ariz., Emilio Manriquez of Valley Center, Calif., Richard Charles Manriquez of Vancouver, Wash., and Fermin Moreno of San Marcos, Calif.

She loved her family with all her heart and soul. She had six sisters; two brothers; 14 grandchildren; 19 great-grandchildren; and nine great-great-grandchildren.

She retired from Helms Bakery in Culver City, Calif. She worked as a night nurse in Escondido convalescent facilities and at Palomar Medical Center in the housekeeping department for many years. She worked for over 20 years at Hidden Valley Health Ranch as the head chef for Dr. Bernard Jensen.

Dorothy will be greatly missed by everyone whose lives and hearts she touched. The family is blessed and thankful for her wonderful friends in Yuma who assisted and gave more love and support than anyone could hope for. We are extremely thankful and blessed to know such a loving couple at Sherry Stevens and Bud Sargent.

Celebration of passage is to be announced. Check recorded message at (760) 839-2974 for date and time.

Kimberly LaRue Halverson

August 28, 1960 - January 14, 2007

Bigfork, Montana, resident Kim Halverson, 46, died January 14, 2007, at Northwest Medical Center in Kalispell, Montana,

after a two-year battle with a rare form of gastrointestinal cancer (G.I.S.T.).

A memorial service will be held at Crossroads Christian Fellowship in Bigfork, Montana, on Saturday, January 27, 2007, at 3 p.m. with a celebration of life pot-luck gathering immediately following. Pastor Larry Lautaret of Whitefish Church of God (and extended family member) and Pastor Halden Curtiss of Crossroads Christian Fellowship, Bigfork, Montana, will co-officiate the memorial service. All those who knew Kim or her family are invited to attend. A small family ceremony will take place later in the summer for the final spreading of her ashes.

Kim was born to George and LaRue Boss on August 28, 1960, in Torrance, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. She attended high school at Miraleste High School in Rancho Palos Verdes, California, and went on to travel the world; living and working in lots of exciting places, including New York, Dallas, Seattle, Telluride, Kauai, Anchorage, and finally settling down in Bigfork, Montana. Kim had an adventurous spirit. Everything she did, from the way she dressed to the way she designed her home was extraordinary.

Kim leaves behind her three beautiful children: Presley Quinn Halverson (17), Rachel LaRue Halverson (14) and Aubrey Rose Halverson (4). Presley and Rachel will continue to live with their dad, Steve Halverson, in Anchorage, Alaska. Aubrey will continue to reside with Kim's mom and stepfather, LaRue and Norm Lebel of Bigfork, Montana. Additionally, Kim is survived by her dad and stepmother, George Boss and Josephine Boss of Valley Center, California; her sister and family, Tami Ertz, Ralph Ertz, Jordan Ertz, Ryan Ertz and Dalton Ertz of Anchorage, Alaska; her bother, Wally Boss of Valley Center, California, and many other extended family and friends.

Kimberly, we miss you so much, but we know that you are in your perfect body and in the presence of our Heavenly Father.

Love, Dad and Jo

Clyde Wood Hunter

Clyde W. Hunter, 83, passed into eternal life, joining his wife, Fern Painter, on Tuesday, Jan. 16, 2007.

Born in Cedar City, Utah, on Nov. 21, 1923, to Pauline Wood Hunter and George Muir Hunter, he was the oldest son of a large and loving family. He has called Fallbrook, Calif., home for 33 years.

Clyde received his early education in Cedar City, Utah, attended University of Utah Logan, graduated from a B.S. from University of Nebraska and a M.S. from George Washington University.

Colonel Hunter loved his country and served it with honor and integrity for 33 years in the Marine Corps, enlisting at age 17. He was very proud of moving through the ranks to retire as a colonel in 1973. He saw action in WWII (Marshalls, Saipan Tinian, and Iwo Jima), Korean War and Vietnam. Peacetime assignments included company commander of 7th Tank Battalion; company commander of a recruit company at SDRD; plans officer, HqMC in Washington, D.C.; chief of staff, FMFPAC Hawaii; assistant commander, 29 Palms. Col. Hunter is entitled to wear 33 medals. In 2005, he was honored to be the honorary marshal of the Veterans Day Parade in Fallbrook.

Clyde continued to serve his community through various civic organizations including the Fallbrook Historical Society, Fallbrook Chamber of Commerce, Fallbrook Realtors Association, and the Fallbrook Post of the Veterans of Foreign Wars. He was the broker and owner of Two Rivers Realty for many years. In his personal time, he enjoyed his "projects," landscaping, reading, hunting in Mexico, his animals and conversing with his many close friends.

Clyde is survived by his daughter and son-in-law, Heidi and Rick Williams; brothers and sisters-in-law Antone and Fern Hunter, Richard and Toni Hunter; sisters and brothers-in-law Walter and Norine Bell, Gary and Kathryn Adams, Georgia Merrill and Garr Merrill (deceased). He was also known as "Poppy" and is survived by grandchildren, Becki, Nicholas, Meghan, Bria and five great-grandchildren. Clyde is also survived by his "right-hand-man" Pedro Gonzalez and wife Sivina.

A service will be held with military honors at 9 a.m. Friday, Jan. 26, 2007, at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in Point Loma.

Joy Escher Bloom

Joy Escher Bloom passed unexpectedly Saturday morning at the age of 74. She was a second generation native San Diegan, a graduate of Escondido High and Whittier College, summa cum laude.

She taught elementary school and home music, owned and ran a small business, was an expert seamstress and quilter, and volunteered throughout her life for many groups.

She is loved and missed by Karl, her husband of 50 years; and surviving children, Genevieve Bloom, Russell Bloom and Claire Ritter; her brother, Tom Escher, and five grandchildren.

Services will be held January 21, at 4 p.m. at the United Methodist Church, 722 S. Johnson, El Cajon.

In lieu of flowers, donations to the church's Bethlehem House outreach or 4-H.

Correction

Theresa Mueller, 80

FALLBROOK - Theresa Maria Mueller, 80, died of natural causes Saturday, Jan. 13, 2007, in Escondido.

Born May 1, 1926, in Nendingen-Tuttlingen, Germany, she lived in Fallbrook for 18 years. She was a longtime member of the German Club. She enjoyed gardening, painting and music.

Mrs. Mueller is survived by her husband of 35 years, Helmut A. Mueller of Fallbrook; brother and sister-in-law Anton and Ella Wolf of Toronto; and sisters and brother-in-law Marga Neidhart and Hedwig and Kurt Kremple, all of Germany.

A Mass will be celebrated at 1 p.m. today, Jan. 20, at St. Peter's Catholic Church in Fallbrook.

Interment will follow at 2 p.m. at Fallbrook Masonic Cemetery.

Berry-Bell and Hall Mortuary is handling arrangements.